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BENNER, WEBSTER was born in Lincoln county, Maine. He came to Minneapolis in 1870 and was in the drug business until 1880, when he originated the Minneapolis Soap Works. He has a partner in business, the firm name being Pomeroy and Benner. They make Shipments throughout the northeast. Mr. Benner was married in Maine, and has one son living at Waldboro, Lincoln county.

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BENNETT, S. J. born at Mineral Point, Wisconsin. He lived at that place until sixteen years of age, when he went to Colorado. After spending three years there he returned to Wisconsin; thence to Minnesota, and in 1874 settled in Minneapolis, engaging in the coopering business. He married Nancy King, in 1872. Enlisted, in August, 1862, in the Twenty-first Wisconsin, served one year, and was discharged for disability.

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BENTON, C. Henry of the firm of Benton, Benton and Roberts, attorneys at law, was born at Lunenburgh, Essex county, Vermont, in 1841. His parents and family moved to Guildhall, Vermont, and the same year his father came west to secure a home, but soon died at Rockford, Illinois. In 1860, C. H. entered the Vermont University at Burlington, and in 1861 enlisted in the Fifth Vermont volunteers, being promoted to first lieutenant and mustered out September 19th, 1864. Soon after, he entered the Albany law school, from which he graduated in 1866 and commenced practicing in Troy, Vermont. He married Miss Flora Hadley, who died in 1869. Two years later Mr. Benton came to Minneapolis, where he was married to Jeanette Graham of this city, who bore him two children, Christine and Harry.

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BENTON, COL. R. C. was born at Waterford, Caledonia county, Vermont, May 13th, 1830. At twenty-one he entered the University of Vermont, and graduated with the class of 1854. He taught school at Johnson, Vermont, two years and was there admitted to the bar in 1856. He practiced law until 1861, when he entered the array as captain of company "D," Fifth Vermont infantry. In 1862 he was promoted to the office of lieutenant colonel of the Eleventh Vermont and remained in service until 1864. He participated in some of the principal battles, being wounded June 9tb, at the battle of Savage Station. After the war he returned to Vermont and again practiced his profession. In 1867 he removed to St. Albans, Vermont, and in 1875 located in Minneapolis. He was assistant secretary of Vermont state senate in 1856-1857, county attorney of Lamoille county in 1860-1861, and a member of Vermont state board of education in 1874. He married Miss Sara Leland in 1856. Their children are: Lucy and Mary. Two children have died.

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BERMANN, A. is a Russian by birth, and was born May 29th, 1853. He came to Minneapolis in November 1879, and was engaged in peddling until 1880, when he became a partner of L. Bloustein. They are now known as the firm of Bermann and Bloustein, and deal in new and second hand goods. He was married October 10th, 1877.

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BERRY, A. C. captain of police, was born February 21st 1830, at Pittsfield Maine. He settled in Minneapolis in 1866, and being a carpenter, at once commenced that business, and continued in it until appointed on the police force, in 1867. Since his promotion to the rank of captain, in 1877, he has discharged his duties with credit to himself and to the general satisfaction of the force at his command. He was married in Penobscot county, Maine, to Jennie M. Whitcomb, November 30th 1854. Their two children, Ida and Charles, have died.

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BERRY, Frederick was born in Brooklyn, Hennepin county, Minnesota, in 1857. At the age of sixteen he commenced teaching. He entered the State University of Minnesota in 1874, and graduated after a six years course. In July 1880, same year, he was taken as book-keeper in the money order department of the Minneapolis post office. He commenced studying law, in the office of Morrison and Fitch, in September, 1880.

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BERRY, John one of the pioneers of Hennepin county, was born in Buxton Maine, in 1801. Was engaged in farming and carpenter work until he came to St. Anthony, in 1851, and has followed farming most of the time since. He was the first man to raise a crop on the west side, having made a claim on section 31, east of Cedar, Lake, in April, 1851, and resided there until 1857, since which time he has lived in the city. Mr. Berry fell, while engaged in carpenter work at Bangor, Maine, and shattered his right arm, and by a similar accident, twelve years since his right leg was injured. He married Hannah Bunker, February 12th, 1826. The children living are: Mrs. W. A. Rowell, of this city, Mrs. D. L. Paine of Indianapolis, Indiana, and Mark T., surveyor and superintendent for Dean and Harrison. Mrs. Berry died April 23d, 1879. Mr. Berry lived with his son, Mark T., until his death, which occurred in April, 1881.

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BERRY, Jonathan C. was born and lived in Buxton, York county, Maine, until twelve years of age when he removed to Grove, Allegany county New York, and learned blacksmithing. He spent six years in the Galena, Illinois, lead mines; then started for California, with team and wagon, in 1852, and succeeded in reaching there August 27th. He engaged in teaming and mining until 1854. During that year he bought and run the first threshing machine in the state. He came to St. Anthony in 1855, and purchased an interest in a, plow factory and made the first plow manufactured in the state. He was married at White Oak Springs, Wisconsin, in 1858, to Miss Amanda Beckwith, who was born at Noblesville, Indiana. They have two children: Frank and Flora.

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BIDWELL, E. L. of the firm of Bidwell and Company, is a native of Massachusetts, and, was born March 15th, 1856. He became a resident of Northfield, Minnesota, in 1859, where he remained six years; then came to Minneapolis, where he received his education, and has since resided.

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BIDWELL, Hermanl was born in New York, March 2d, 1851. He commenced in the milling business at Galesville, Wisconsin, in 1870, and remained there five-years; then removed to La Crosse, remaining four years. He became a resident of Minneapolis in July 1879, and has since been engaged in milling. His marriage with Lue Curtis, occurred November 7th, 1875. They are the parents of one child, Julia.

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BIGBY, G. W. was born in Pennsylvania, in 1845, and in early life learned the carpenter's trade with his father. He came to Minnesota in l857, and settled in Freeborn county, where he remained until July, 1880, when he became a citizen of Minneapolis. He has worked at his trade many years, and is well established as a contractor, builder, and cabinet-maker.

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BIGGS, L. was born in Maryland, February 15th, 1836. He learned his trade as millwright at home, then removed to Indiana, where he spent ten years. He was wedded to Mary J. Lynn in 1863, who bore him two children, Elma and Roland. His wife died in August, 1870. After remaining a widower seven years, he married Annie Byers. They have one child, Mabel. Mr. Biggs came to Minneapolis in 1871. He was one of those who assisted in building the old "A" mill, and helped to rebuild the old "B" mill. He has been in the employ of Washburn and Company during the nine years of his citizenship.

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BIRDWELL, J. W. was born September 10th, 1838, at Tuscumbia, Alabama. He moved to Minneapolis in 1871, and has remained here since. At the first call for volunteers he enlisted, and served in the war until mustered out at Trenton, Tennessee, in 1863. He was married, on his return to Julia Clift, of Illinois. She has borne him one child, Josephine. Mr. Birdwell is the Minneapolis manager of the business of the Victor Wheat Heater Company.

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BLAKELEY, David manager of the Tribune, was born in Franklin county, Vermont, in 1834. The family moved from there to Syracuse, New York, in 1838, where, at the age of thirteen, he entered the printing office of the Daily Star. In that office and that of the Journal, he thoroughly mastered the typographical art. After completing his apprenticeship, returned to Vermont and devoted five years to study. In 1857 he left the University of Vermont, and came to Minnesota, where he entered the profession of journalism, starting three newspapers. In 1860, was elected chief clerk in the house of representatives, and re-elected the following year. He was then appointed superintendent of public instruction by Governor Ramsey, and at expiration of term, was returned to the office by election. He contributed largely to the organization of the common school system of Minnesota. In 1865, he, with his brother, Major C. H. Blakeley, purchased the Chicago Evening Post and took editorial charge of that paper, remaining until April, 1874, when he disposed of his interest in the Evening Post and succeeded to the editorship of the St. Paul Pioneer. One year later, he conceived the idea of consolidating the Pioneer and the Press, which was soon accomplished, and during his service with the consolidated Pioneer Press, was jointly, with Mr. Wheelock, in editorial charge of the paper. The Minneapolis Tribune, having subsequently been added, Mr. Blakeley removed to Minneapolis, the better to represent the journal in this city. Finally becoming convinced that there wag a fine future for journalism in Minneapolis, he severed his connection with the St. Paul establishment entirely, and taking the Minneapolis Evening Tribune in charge, he has maintained his relations with that journal since. On May llth, 1880, in company with Gen. A. B. Nettleton, he established the Morning Tribune, thereby, giving to Minneapolis, a first-class metropolitan journal, of which her citizens have had every reason to be proud.

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BLAKEMAN, L. V. N. who is a native of New York city, came to this place in 1869, and was engaged in the mercantile business until 1874, when he became a partner of G. Menzel, in the foundry business.

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BLAKEMAN, William one of the earliest settlers of this locality, was born in Prussia, April 18th, 1828. He came to the United States in 1848, and settled in La Fayette, Indiana, where he engaged in upholstering and carriage trimming until 1856, when he removed to Saint Anthony. He was the first upholsterer here. He retired from labor in 1868, and has since lived on the fruits of his industry. He married Magdalene Kretz, of Germany. They have five children living: Mary, Lizzie, Frank, Charles, and Fred.

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BLITZ, Adolph M. D. was born in Prussia, February 10th, 1845. He moved to America in 1864, and studied medicine at the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. From this institution he graduated in 1873. He removed to Nashville, Tennessee, in May, 1874, and while there he became a member of the Nashville Medical Society, Davidson County Medical Society, and Tennessee State Medical Society. He is a member of the American Medical Association, International Medical, Ophthalmological and otological Congress; in March, 1877, Doctor Blitz in company with others, founded the Nashville Medical College, which afterward became the medical department of the University of Tennessee. On account of failing health, he resigned his position and removed to Minneapolis in 1880. Doctor Blitz was married in 1877, to Anna D. Wicks, of New Bedford, Massachusetts. They have two daughters: Nellie and Bertha.

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BLOOD, J. W. was born March 16th, 1845, at Boston, Massachusetts. He moved with his parents to Janesville, Wisconsin, in 1855. He received an academic education at Milton, Wisconsin, and at Chicago, where he learned the trade of machinist. He came to Minneapolis in 1874, and has been engaged as foreman in the machine shops of the Harvester Works since. He was married to Miss E. W. Cragg, of Cincinnati, in 1874. They have one child; Meda.

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BLOUSTEIN, L. of the firm of Bermann and Bloustein, was born in Poland, 1839. His early life was spent in Scotland, and a few years later he began business in England. In 1879 he came to America, and the next year took as a partner, Mr. A. Bermann. They now deal in gents' furnishing goods, and have a large stock.

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BOARDMAN, C. N. dentist, was born at Waterloo, Yates county, New York, January 6th, 1841. He was educated principally at Mount Vernon, and studied dentistry at Cincinnati four years. He commenced his practice in Columbus, Indiana. Coming to Minneapolis, In 1872, he at once established himself as a dentist, and has been in continuous practice here since. Miss Elizabeth LeDuc of this city became his wife in 1874.

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BOARDMAN, W. M. was born at Rochester, New York, October 4th, 1857. During early life he lived on a farm, later he was engaged in the grocery business. In 1876, he came to this city and opened a restaurant. Mr. M. C. Tate joined him in this business in October, 1880, when they bought the restaurant, which they now ran at 214 Nicollet Avenue. He married Sarah McCue, July 20th, 1880.

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BODE, A. H. was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1838. He came to America and located at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1848 and attended the public schools of that city until 1853, when he entered a lawyer's office. In the summer of 1855 he removed to Madison and went to work for the LaCrosse and Milwaukee Railway as warehouseman at Richfield, and was afterwards agent at Horicon for four yean. Returned to Milwaukee, and in 1863, went into the Merchant's bank. In August, 1865, he came to Minnesota as general freight and ticket agent of the Minnesota Central Railway, and after its purchase by the Milwaukee and St. Paul, remained as general agent until 1871. He was then engaged with a construction company, until 1873, since which time he has been with the Minneapolis and Saint Louis Railway. He was married at Horicon, Wisconsin, December 26th, 1858. They have eight children: Carrie F., Addie C., Willie F., Mabel, Freddie C., Bessie I., Grace E., and J. Henry.

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BOFFERDING, John one of the early settlers, was born in Luxembourg, August 29th, 1826. He came to the United States in 1850, and settled first at Sauk City, Wisconsin. In 1853 he started on a prospecting trip which ended in his settling in Minneapolis in 1856. Here he worked at his trade, that of carpenter, until 1875, when he began the grocery business and has since continued it. He was married in 1862 to Katrina Frius, of Germany, who bore him three children. Those living are Maggie and William.

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BOFFERDING, Nicholas brother of the above, and who also came to Minneapolis in 1856, was born at Luxembourg, August 2lst, 1830. He worked at the carpenter trade here until 1875, and has since worked with his brother, Mr. John Bofferding.

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BOHAN, T. M. a native of Ireland, was born June 29th, 1832. He came to the United States in 1848, and remained in New York one year, then removed to Milwaukee. There he learned the shoemaking trade, at which he worked until 1855; then he moved to St. Anthony and opened a shop and two years later engaged as foreman for Wensinger. In 1877 Mr. Bohan, in company with J. A. Kennedy started in the boot and shoe trade. One year later Mr. Kennedy sold his interest to Mr. McNeice, the present partner. Mr. Bohan was married to Anna Shortell, of Milwaukee, in 1857. They have seven children: Mary, John, Annie, Timothy, Thomas, James, and Katie.

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BOLLIER, George F. was born in Switzerland, June 18th, 1819. He learned the trade of shoemaker in his native country and worked at it until 1856, when he emigrated to the United States, coming direct to St. Anthony, where he has since resided. In 1858 he opened a boot and shoe store and has added to his stock from time to time. Mr. Bollier was married in 1856, to Sarah Allemann, of Switzerland, who died in 1864. He was married in 1866, to Paulina Diedrich. Their children are: William and Hattie.

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BOLTON, N. H. was born ten miles South of Cleveland, Ohio, February 10th, 1839. He remained with his parents until twenty-seven years of age and there acquired a knowledge of milling and manufacturing. He came to Minneapolis in 1872 and at once commenced in his present business, that of manufacturing mill machinery. Mr. Bolton was married in 1865 at Farmington, Washington county, Wisconsin, to Mary L. Norton; have had three children: Celeste, Gracie and Ada.

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BONFOY, S. was born in Montgomery county, New York, in 1817. At the age of fifteen he learned the woolcarding business. Fifteen years later he went to Georgia, remaining at Columbus eleven years, when he removed to Roswell, Georgia. Here he was engaged as superintendent of a wool factory. When General Sherman passed through on his march to the sea, the factory was burned. He removed to Indiana and remained nine years. In 1874 he came to this city and again engaged in the wool-carding business.

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BOSTWICK, L. was born in Toronto, Canada, June, 1815. He moved to St. Anthony, accompanied by his wife and daughters, in 1850. The year following, he was elected justice of the peace, which office he held until 1860. He was elected, under very peculiar circumstances, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the resignation of I. I. Lewis. At that time there was a "Maine liquor law," under which a person was indicted for opening a saloon in St. Anthony, and the case was brought before Mr. Lewis, who resigned rather than to try the case. In l871, Judge Bostwick decided to retire from active life and enjoy the fruits of his labor. He has been one of the most active citizens of this now flourishing metropolis, and from its earliest growth identified with its interests.

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BOSWORTH, William was born in Washington county, Maine, December 16th, 1857. In 1857 he came to St. Anthony and engaged in the lumbering trade until 1875, when he was appointed on the police form as patrol, and in May, 1876, was appointed sergeant, and served in that capacity until 1877, and since as patrol. He was married to Miss Maria Craig, at St. Anthony, August, 1867. Their children are: George, Fred, and Eva May.

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BOTTINEAU, Pierre was born January 1st, 1817, at a place on Turtle river, Dakota Territory, once called Rats Point, but afterwards named Bottineau's Point from its being the residence of his father, Joseph Bottineau; who was engaged with the Northwestern Fur Company. The mother of Pierre Bottineau, was a native of the Ojibwa tribe, whose father was a captive Dakota, and mother an Ojibwa. By this marriage there were several children, with only one of whom, Pierre, we have to do. In 1816, one year before the birth of Pierre, hostilities arose between the Hudson Bay Company, the old company established in 1670, under a grant by Charles II, of England, to Prince Rupert and others, and the Northwestern Company., These were both English companies. The Red River settlement was founded by Lord Selkirk, a Scottish peer under a grant from the Hudson Bay Company. The North-western Company, whose head-quarters were Canada traded by the way of the lakes, and had virtually preempted this territory before the Selkirk colony arrived and did not recognize their claim as a part of the Hudson Bay Company's territory, as this company had never before extended their lines so far south. The Hudson Bay Company transported goods by way of Hudson Bay. After the establishment of the Red River settlement in 1812, petty strife began, which in 1816, culminated in open hostilities. Lord Selkirk had demanded troops from the Governor General for the protection of his colony without avail, but instead, was enjoined against repetition of hostilities. In spite of this injunction some more blood was shed, but at last, as neither party received the support of the government, an amalgamation took place, and the united company controlled the country. In consequence of these hostilities, the little colony of Red River was greatly weak ened by emigration to the territory of the United States and Canada.

Pierrie Bottineauls father was commanded by the North-western Company to take part in the struggle but he absented himself on one of his hunting expeditions. On his return he was imprisoned, but owing to his influence with the tribe from which he had taken his wife, he was. soon released, as worse troubles were liable to arise.

Amid these bustling scenes, in a wild country, among Indians, and half-breeds more dangerous than the Indians themselves, Pierre Bottineau was born. He was early trained by his father for the hunt. He possessed a strong frame and rugged constitution, and became a skillful horseman, and a sure marksman with a rifle, learning, as well as inheriting these qualities from his father, who was unsurpassed in the chase. His father died when he was fourteen years of age, and LeCompte, a famous guide, but lame in consequence of an injury, pleased with the early accomplishments and promise of the boy, took him to live with him, promising to instruct him in the mysteries of his art. LeCompto was at this time the only man conversant with the country, and familiar with the duties of a guide. He held out brilliant prospects, of high wages, ending in a fortune, especially because he needed the sure foot, strong arm and quick eye of this young half-breed. During the years 1832-1833 Pierre made a few short trips in company with LeCompte, carrying messages between trading posts, but his first long trip was in 1834, at the age of seventeen. LeCompte was then employed by the Hudson Bay Company to carry messages and the mail from Fort Garry to Fort Snelling, and Pierre accompanied him. They started the first of November and reached their destination December 27th. Communication was difficult and expensive, and sometimes not undertaken oftener than once a year. They went down on the east bank of the Red River, and after eight days reached Red Lake River, which it was necessary for them to cross, though now very high and full of drifting ice. A feeble old man named Alard, went with them, and a pony with a Red River cart carried the man, baggage and provisions. A raft was quickly built and the cart and its contents were safely transferred to the other side by Pierre and Alard. They next returned for Le Compte and the pony, the current carrying them down some distance at each crossing. On attempting to cross again, with all hands and the pony, their clumsy raft foundered on a stump, and was soon piled with ice so that the upper end was submerged, and the lower end stuck up at a sharp angle. The situation was critical and promised at the best, a cold bath to all.

Here Pierre proved himself equal to the emergency, for cutting loose a few pieces of timber he secured them together by a cord made of buffalo hide, and making his two companions straddle the logs, since neither could swim. He took the chance of keeping on the little raft and poling it to shore. It floated, however, much farther, and struck a bend in the river that was frozen over, in consequence of there being less current. Here he was obliged to jump on the ice, after securing a long cord to the raft, one end of which he held in his hand. The ice would not bold the weight of a man, and Pierre went in, all over, in very deep water, but holding fast to the rope. When .he came up, he swam, breaking the ice before him, to the shore, and hauled his companions after him. They were fortunate in having dry suits at, the cart, and soon were all right in dry clothing. The pony was rescued, and they started again. After traveling four days they reached the Wild Rice river, and crossed the ice and encamped near its bank. By some means, here, the pony who had escaped narrowly one danger of drowning, got into this stream in the night and was drowned. In this dilemma it was decided, as Alard could not travel, to leave him in charge of the cart and stuff while Le Compte and. Pierre went on to Lac Traverse, a trading post of the American Fur Company, in charge of Mr. Moore. The journey, it was thought, would take four days. Pierre was loaded with bedding and provisions supposed to be sufficient for Le Compte and himself for the four days journey, and they set out. The lameness of Le Compte and the burden of Pierre rendered traveling slow, but it proved that the estimated distance of fifty or sixty miles, increased every day they traveled. Le Compte seemed not to be familiar with the country and arriving at Goose river. He called it the Cheyenne and the Elm he supposed the Wild Rice. They traveled thus for several days until their provisions were gone, hoping to reach the Bois des Sioux, where Le Compte declared he should recognize the country. On the eighth day they reached this river, having been already four days without food, and found a fresh Indian trail which they followed to the camp. It proved to be the camp of a party of Sioux numbering ten men with five tepees. The strangers were kindly received and their hunger appeased by a repast of otter and skunk meat. The next day they reached the trading post and obtaining a horse and man returned for Alard and their stuff. The old man's joy cannot be described, as the twentieth day after their departure he saw them returning. He had improvised a sled and loaded it with blankets and provisions, determined to start the next day, dragging his sled, trusting to a good fortune to take him to some habitation. After staying a few days at the post, Le Compte bought a horse of Mr. Moore and they proceeded to the trading post of Mr. Renville at Lac qui Parle and from this point they set out for Traverse des Sioux, another trading post distant four days journey. The post was in charge of Mr. Louis Le Blanc. Alard was left at Lac Traverse on account of the depth of snow and the difficulty of traveling. Trouble arose again in attempting to find Traverse des Sioux and the two companions were near starving, as their supplies had given out; when, fortunately, a coon was, killed and their hunger appeased. After traveling in a circuitous route for several days in search of the trading post, Pierre insisted upon taking a direct course for Fort Snelling or as near direct as the Minnesota river would conduct them, disregarding Traverse des Sioux altogether. It is a difficult matter to divert a guide from an old route but at last the point was conceded and they set out. On the following day they came on an Indian camp and were received in a friendly manner and directed on their way. It appeared that the guide was mistaken in reference to their location and they soon reached Traverse des Sioux, and without further accident arrived at Fort Snelling, December 28th, 1834.

Among those whom Pierre met at the Fort at this time he mentions Mr. N. W. Kittson. After spending a short time visiting friends and relations who bad formerly lived at Red River, he returned and for two years spent his time trapping in the winter and hunting buffaloes during the summer. Two hunts were usually made each year, one in the early summer and one later, about fall.

The outfit for these hunts was as follows: each hunter was supplied with a good hunting horse, gun and ammunition, and with two or three ponies, drawing each a Red River cart. The latter were used to carry their families and baggage, as well as to transport the results of the chase. Frequently these hunting parties would number several hundred hunters, besides their families.

After reaching the hunting grounds, each found occupation in killing the buffaloes, dressing, drying, cooking and making pemmican. Pemmican was an important article of food and merchandise with the Hudson Bay Company in furnishing supplies to their employees, and still continues to be used. It was made in the following manner. The lean buffalo meat was cut into thin strips, and a skillful woman would cut these strips round and round, making them quite long. These were spread in the sun during the day, and gathered at night in order to protect them from rain or dew until they became as dry as a bone. They were then placed over the fire to cook. After this the meat was beaten in a buffalo hide until completely pulverized, when it was mixed with melted fat and packed in skins for market. The lean and fat of two animals is condensed in one sack of pemmican. No salt or seasoning was used in its preparation, but properly prepared it would never spoil. Besides the process had driven out the water and so reduced the bulk that a very little would satisfy hunger and furnish food in the most condensed form for long journeys. When the carts were loaded with pemmican and hides the party returned from the hunt. Encounters with hostile Indians, and accidents frequently occurred which caused much danger and risk.

During the summer of 1835 Pierre made a trip to Hudson Bay in the employ of the Hudson Bay Company, and again the next summer a second trip. It will give some idea of the hardships to which voyageurs were subject if we state here the tests to which they were subjected before they were employed. A day and place was set for those who desired employment, to exhibit their powers of endurance. The load of a voyageur, two packages weighing about one hundred pounds each, was ready and the man who could carry the load to a certain goal and return without resting, in the quickest time, was counted the best man, and from those, most successful the employees were chosen. The Hudson Bay Company were haughty and overbearing to the natives and half-breeds, and treated them as "comme les betes," while the policy of the American Fur Company was much more liberal. This led many to transfer their trade to the American company.

December 1st, 1836, Pierre Bottineau married Genevieve Larance, daughter of John Baptiste Larance, a farmer of the Red River settlement.

A few months after, he undertook the memorable journey across the plains, as guide for Martin McLeod, and two companions, Parys and Hayes, from LaFourch, Red River colony, Territory of Hudson Bay, to Fort Snelling. The time estimated for the journey, was twenty-five days; of this, the journey to Lac Traverse was estimated at fifteen days, and the remainder of the journey ten days. The time consumed was, however, fifty days, and two of the party, Messrs. Parys and Hayes, perished by the way. The indomitable hardihood of Pierre Bottineau, alone, brought Mr. McLeod and himself through. They started with a dog trainee, moccasins and snow-shoes. The deep snow and the inexperience of the party retarded their progress.

They so frequently required their snow-shoes or moccasins loosened or tightened that the patience of Bottinean was taxed to its utmost, and short days journeys were accomplished. This was, however, only a small matter compared with the trouble that followed. Blizzards, cold, and want of food finally added to their miseries, until Hayes was lost in a storm and never seen again, and Parys, though found, was in such a frozen condition as to compel him to remain in a hut, carefully built and provided for his comfort, until horses could be sent for him from Lac Traverse. When the relief party arrived they found proof that death had ended his sufferings soon after their departure. Mr. Parys was a Polish gentleman who had served under Remarino, and left his country after the fall of Warsaw to avoid the fury of the Czar Nicholas I. Mr. Bottineau and the surviving traveler, Hon. Martin McLeod, arrived in safety at Fort Snelling, April 16th, 1837. May 4th, Bottineau started on his return on horse-back, took a traveler at Lac Traverse, and reached the Red River June 5th. Spent the summer and winter following, in the usual way, hunting and trapping. May, 1838, he undertook his next trip across the plains as guide for a large party, consisting of forty families, Swiss, French, and Scotch. This trip was accomplished without any remarkable incident, except that the Indians along their route became somewhat troublesome, and it was necessary to court their good will by distributing tobacco and flour among them in passing their villages. This was especially true because of the hostility of the Sioux toward the Chippewas, and the half-breeds of the north were associated with the Chippewa's. Four of these Sioux villages were passed at Lac Traverse, numbering eighty or ninety braves; two at Big Stone lake, numbering three hundred; two at Lac qui Parle, two hundred; one at Blue Earth, seventy one; at Redwood, one hundred; one at Traverse des Sioux, one hundred and fifty; one at Belle Plaine, fifty ; one at Little Rapids, one hundred; two at Shakopee, three hundred. These fifteen hundred warriors were often on the war path. At Minnehaha, Lake Calhoun and Pig's Eye there were five or six hundred more. Some of them, whose villages were not in their path, might, notwithstanding, be met on the plains. Owing to some accidents to their carts and one person, it was determined to send a messenger ahead to obtain from General H. H. Sibley his barge to transport the party from Traverse des Sioux. On arrival at this point the boat was found in readiness, and the party were successfully landed at Fort Snelling, though the time occupied from Traverse des Sioux was fourteen days, owing to low water.

At this point in his history Mr. Bottineau stops to pay a tribute to the kindness of Gen. Sibley, to whom he was frequently indebted for courteous and generous acts. He always extended this kindness to poor or rich, white man, Indian, or half breed. The Sioux held him in the highest regard and called him the "Great Medicine Man." He smoked a red pipe with a long stem and often hunted with the Indians. On one occasion after hunting all day unsuccessfully, while smoking around the camp fire, he cried out "Well, we will idle a bear tomorrow" Sure enough the next day's hunt brought in the bear and forever established the Indians' faith in Gen. Sibley. Bottineau brought down twenty head of cattle from the Red River settlement as well as some other merchandise. He sold on his arrival, cows at $50 to $75, oxen at $150 to $200 per pair, butter at fifty cents per pound.

October, 1838, he engaged to guide a small party of men to Red River and remained there until 1840. June 1st, 1840, he crossed the plains once more with a large party consisting of twenty families, and brought his own family along to settle in this country. On this journey he fell in with the old guide Le Compte and a party conveying a Mr. Simpson to Fort Snelling. Mr. Simpson

was a son of Sir George Simpson of England, who had been making an expedition in aid of science and was now on his return, bound for England. Simpson showed signs of insanity at this meeting but the parties diverged, intending to take different routes. On the next day Bottineau was overtaken by two men riding at full speed after him, who requested him to come to the aid of the other party as Mr. Simpson, in a fit of insanity had killed two of the party, one of whom was Le Compte himself. The relief party found that he had added his own death to that of his comrades by blowing out his brains. After disposing as well as could be done of the bodies of the slain, Mr. Bottineau joined the remainder of the party with his own and proceeded, arriving at the Fort in July. Here he found great changes, for the officers of the Fort had driven away Perry and Gervais and others; only a few remained and they were on the point of going, having received notification to that effect from the Fort. Here, for the first time Bottineau met Franklin Steele.

Bottineau went on to Saint Paul with his family and made a claim there in 1840, between Gervais and Clewette, camping on the bluff opposite the site of the old National hotel. The claim ran as follows: Commencing at a point, now the foot of Jackson street, running down the river eighty rods, thence at right angles to the river one mile, embracing a strip eighty rods wide running back to Clewette's claim. Not having money to invest in permanent improvements, he pitched a skin tent (lodge) on the bluff and lived there all summer. During the summer he was employed by Mr. Aiken, an old agent of the American Fur Company, with others to transport freight. In the fan he was able to build a house and make some improvements on his claim. In the spring of 1845 he put twenty acres in crops. From this time he was employed at various things but largely for the American Fur Company, until the spring of 1845. During this time he made one more trip to the Red River. In the summer of 1845 he moved to, the falls of St. Anthony and became identified with the interests of the place until 1854, when he removed to Bottineau Prairie in Maple Grove. During the years 1845 and 1846 he made two more journeys to the Red River settlement.

In 1851, Mr. Bottineau acted as guide to Gov. Ramsey, and the commissioners appointed by the government to negotiate a treaty with the Pembina Indians. The journey was made with a military escort. After holding a council with the Indians at Pembina, and concluding the treaty,

commissioners and Gov. Ramsey expressed a wish to visit Fort Garry, and it was determined to extend the trip accordingly into the British dominion. In 1853 he piloted Gov. Stevens, of Washington Territory on the Northern Pacific railroad exploration, going west to the Rocky Mountains and returning by the Missouri river to St. Louis.

In the fall of 1853, Mr. Bottineau, made a hunting excursion, acting as guide for a party of English lords and bankers. During the winter of 1854-1855, he went with Captain Carney to Mille Lac with a military escort to arrest two Indian murderers. In 1856 he made an expedition with Colonel Smith, to explore the northern country for a suitable point to locate a military post. In 1858, after the report of Colonel Smith's expedition, further exploration was determined on by the general government with reference to the establishment of the post in question. Mr. Bottineau accompanied Colonel White and a captain in the regular army who were charged with the enterprise. This expedition determined the site and located the present Fort Abercrombie at a point then known as Graham's Point. In the winter of 1856 and 1857 he, with others, located the townsite of Breckenridge, and during the following summer he located a town site on his own account at the mouth of Cheyenne river. In 1859, he went with Skinner, the geologist, to locate salt springs for the state. In June, 1860, he accompanied a military expedition to Pembina, and on his return, went with Gov. Ramsey and Judge Bailey to negotiate a treaty with the Pembina and Red Lake bands of Chippewas, but were not su successful in concluding treaty. In 1862, he made a trip with Captain Fisk to Montana, and after reaching Benton, left them to another guide and returned, passing through great dangers from Indians. Since then he has resided on a farm at Red Lake Falls, Polk county.

Page 518

BOUTELL, M. C. was born at Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1837. At the age of seventeen he was employed by Messrs. Nelson and Rice, of that city, and remained sixteen years. He moved to St. Paul in 1863, and engaged in the hardware business. In 1876, removed to Minneapolis. Mr. Boutell was married to Miss Maria Wellington, of Massachusetts, who bore him three sons and one daughter.

Page 518

BOWEN, Millard P. attorney and counselor at law, was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, April 19th, 1856. He was educated at Buffalo, New York, and studied law with Bowen & Rogers, of that city.. He was admitted to the bar at Minneapolis, January, 1879, and has been in practice here since. His office is located at 324 Nicollet Avenue.

Page 347

BOWMAN, J. B. was born April 27th, 1830, in New Brunswick. He learned the carpenter's trade, and worked three years in New York city., In 1857 he came here, and for twenty years followed his trade. He worked on the Nicollet House , H. G. Harrison's residence, and others. It was he who cut the brush so a team could pass on First avenue north, from Fourth to Sixth street. Mr. Bowman has only been absent from the town one day since coming here in 1857. He was married in 1869, to Amanda Christmas. They have three children.

Page 518

BRACKETT, Winn M. originator of the Minneapolis fire department, was born in Maine in 1843. He moved, in 1846, to Nova Scotia, with his parents, where his father was American consul. Six years later he returned to the United States, and at the age of sixteen was identified with the Hose "Annex" of Washington Engine Company, No. 1, of Calais. In 1861, Mr. Brackett enlisted as musician in the Sixth regiment, Maine volunteers, and served until the fall of 1862, when he returned to Calais. Here he was appointed paymaster's clerk, with headquarters at Washington. He came to Minneapolis in 1865, and was engaged as book-keeper for Eastman, Gibson and Company. About this time he organized the Miller's Fire Association, from which has grown the present fire department of Minneapolis. In 1871 he was elected second assistant of the department, and at expiration of the term was chosen chief engineer, and, has held the position since. Mr. Brackett was married at Minneapolis, in 1867, to Miss Emily Hoyt, formerly of Portland Maine. They have four sons: Charles and Winslow Jr., are living; Chapin and Frankie are dead.

Page 518

BRANN, T. A. is a native of Maine, born at Gardiner, Kennebec county, March 26th, 1840. He enlisted as a private, April 18th, 1861; he was promoted through the intervening grades to the Rank of First Lieutenant. In 1866, he located at Saint Charles, Minnesota; two years after, he removed to Whitewater, Wisconsin, where he remained until 1877, when he came to Minneapolis. Mr. Brann is the local freight agent of the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railway Company, which position he has held since coming here. He was married in 1866, to Miss M. J. Atkins, of Gardiner, Maine. They are the parents of four children.

Page 519

BRIGGS, E. C. was born at Coventry, Rhode Island, February 20tb, 1838. He came west in 1854, and located at Richfield, Minnesota, where he engaged in farming and carpentering until 1877, when he removed to this city, and was employed as packer in the Minneapolis Mill; he has continued to serve as such ever since. Mr. Briggs was married to Miss V. M. Ray, in September, 1860. Their children are: Ida and George.

Page 519

BRIGHAM, William was born in Worcester county, Massachusetts, September 19th, 1835. Early in life he located at Marietta, Ohio, and was in the boot and shoe business there until 1855; thence to LaFayette, Indiana, until 1865; thence to Chicago until 1869, when he came to Minnesota and settled at Saint Peter, still connected with the boot and shoe business. In August 1873, he came to this city, where he was engaged as foreman by the North Star Boot and Shoe Company. Mr. Brigham's family consists of his wife and one daughter.

Page 519

BROAD, E. is a native of Maine, and was born May 29th, 1814. His father, being a blacksmith, he commenced in early life to learn the trade. In 1842 he moved to Bangor and remained there in pursuit of his trade, until 1865, when he came west and located at Saint Anthony, where he has since been engaged in the manufacture of edged tools. Mr. Broad was married to Miss S. C. Marsh, at Portland, Maine, in 1844.

Page 520

BROBAUGH, Ole a native of Norway, was born August 20th, 1852. He came to the United, States in 1869 and located in Red Wing, Minnesota, where he was engaged in farming until 1874. He then started a meat market, in which he continued one year, when he came to Minneapolis and opened a meat market with a partner. In January, 1880, Mr. Broliaugh bought his partner's interest and has since continued alone. Mr. Brohaugh was married in 1878, to Albertine Hanson, who bore him one daughter, Clara.

Page 519

BROOKS, David was born in England, Novernber,1802. He learned the tailoring business, and was converted at twenty-one years of age, and joined the Wesleyan Methodists. Educated in England, and licensed to preach in 1832, and preached in his native country ten years. Came to America in 1842. Settled in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Joined the Rock River conference in 1844. Appointed to Dixon, Illinois, for one year. Fell into the Wisconsin conference in 1845, at its organization, and was stationed one year at Light House Point, and one year at Platteville; also stationed at Dodgeville and Watertown. Came from the Baraboo conference to Minnesota in 1853, by order of Bishop Scott, to take charge of the Minnesota district as presiding elder, embracing all the territory of Minnesota and seventeen thousand squire miles of Wisconsin. Was its presiding elder four years, making appointments and filling them, that reached from the southern line of the state to Lake Superior. Was the presiding elder of Lake Superior district two years, by appointment from the Winona conference; then from the Minneapolis conference to the Minneapolis district, by Bishop Baker, for four years. Appointed to the Monticello circuit for two years and one year agent for the Hamline University; then five years agent for the American Bible Society. Was then sent by Bishop Clark to the Sank Centre district as presiding el- der, for two years. At the end of that time the work in the upper district was reorganized by Bishop Haven, necessitating a change in the, presiding elder in district. From Sauk Centre he went to Brooklyn Centre one year; from there to Champlin and Maple Grove for three years. At the end of that time he again took the agency of the American Bible Society for two years, The first winter he came to Minnesota, he obtained a charter for the Hamline University, and named it. The following season obtained from Bishop Hamline, from whom it takes its name, the munificent sum of twenty-five thousand dollars. Was the first president of the board Of trustees of the institution.

In June, 1855, he left St. Paul, camping out in the open air on his way to Fort Ripley, from there with a guide to assist, put his boat into the Mississippi river, paddling on to Sandy Lake, East Savannah river, St. Louis river. Thence to Superior Bay, carrying his canoe across Portages varying in distance from one mile to ten; when in St. Louis river. Had an encounter with a black bear who wanted to take passage on the boat or give him the bear's hug. This he objected to, and having no weapon but his oar which he used industriously about the bears head and fore paws, spattering water in his face until he was glad to beat a retreat, shaking the water from his shaggy eye brows, so that he could see which way to make his escape. Landed in Superior at the head of the lake, and preached the first Protestant sermon ever heard there, also obtained a site and lot for a church. Married Miss Ann Moseley, who died of cholera in 1850; married again in 1852 to Margaret W. Prior. They have had five children, Jabez, Josia, Emma , Adin, and Amy A.

Page 520

BROOKS, Jabez, D. D. Professor of the Greek Language and Literature at the University of Minnesota, was born in England. When a youth his parents emigrated to America and settled in Wisconsin in 1842, at Southport, now Kenosha. At this point he pursued his studies at Southport Academy. After finishing his preparatory studies in the West he entered the sophomore class in Wesleyan University at Middletown, Connecticut, in 1847, and graduated in 1850. He maintained himself while pursuing his studies by teaching and performing whatever labor he could get. After graduating he came to Wisconsin and conducted until 1851 a seminary at Watertown, Wisconsin. He next occupied the chair of Greek and Mathematics in Lawrence University at Appleton, Wisconsin. In 1854, he was elected principal of the preparatory department of Hamline University at Red Wing, and entered upon his duties on 16th of November, and during 1854-5 he was pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church at that place. In 1857-8, ill-health compelled him to retire from teaching. In 1861 he was elected president of Hamline University, which position he retained until 1869, when he resigned, and the same year was elected professor of Greek at the University. Since 1869 he has continuously held that position, and for several years after, the decease of Professor Walker in 1876, had charge of the department of Latin also. During his presidency of Hamline University, Professor Brooks was a member of the State Normal school board, the Agricultural College board, the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, and commissioner of Indian payments. Mr. Brooks was married in 1854 to Miss Ruby B. Pearce, of Watertown, Wisconsin, and has had five children: The eldest, Adin P., died February 2d, 1881, D. Denslow, Olive E., now Mrs. E. T. Sykes, Anna E. and Lucia May.

Page 521

BROUILLETTE, J. B. was born in Canada, in 1824. He was a dry goods merchant in his native place three years, then moved to New Orleans, where he was engaged in the Saint Charles hotel five years; thence to California, where he was in the hotel business five years; thence to Australia, remaining there two years. He also spent several years in Washington Territory, Oregon and the British Possessions, engaged in farming and mining. He came to Minneapolis in 1879, where he has since remained. Mr. Brouillette was married to Miss Jane Renwick. Their living children are Mary, Joseph, James, Louise, and Victor.

Page 520

BROWN, Baldwin was born in Rochester, New York, February 7th, 1838. He came to St. Anthony in 1849, in company with his parents. His first enterprise was freighting from St. Paul and St. Anthony to the different government posts. He dealt in horses, cattle and real estate for several years, and in 1862, built the old "St. Cloud Hotel.'' He was engaged in different pursuits until 1870, when he opened a livery and sale stable. Mr. Brown was member of city council from 1872 to 1877, member of legislature 1878 and was elected member of board of county commissioners Hennepin county, fall of 1880. He married Emma Day in 1865. Their children are: Charles, William, Baldwin and Frederick.

Page 520

BROWN, Benjamin J. was born in Maine, April 4th, 1821. A few years in early life were devoted to lumbering, and at twenty-six yean of age engaged in traveling business, in which he remained about six years, and in 1852 came to St. Anthony. Here he commenced the lumbering business, in which he was successful until the great financial crash of 1857. He is now employed as overseer in lumbering camps. . Mr. Brown was the first marshal of St. Anthony. He was also interested with Anson Northrup in the civilization of murderous Indians, by the hemp method, in 1857. He was married to Nellie Carleton, April 8th, 1855. They have ten children living, two of whom, Ben Bruce and Nellie, were born at Crow Wing, being the first white children born in that region, and Mrs. Brown the second white woman who lived in that locality.

Page 521

BROWN, C. D. was born in Maine, in 1835. At eighteen years of age he learned the trade of wagon-maker, and has continued in that business since, except three years spent at sea. He came to St. Anthony in 1857, and in the fall of 1859 established opposite the Pillsbury "A" mill. Mr. Brown enlisted, in 1862, in the First Minnesota battery, and was discharged at the end of one year on account of failing health. After returning, he opened a shop near the present location, which was burned in 1869; soon after he located at his present shop, 417 Main street, S. E. Mr. Brown was married, in 1859, to Henrietta Murphy who has borne him four children.

Page 521

BROWN, F. D. was born at Vienna, Maine, May, 1847. He came to Minneapolis with his parents in 1854. He learned the trade of blacksmith of his brother, when he was so small he was obliged to stand on a block to strike the anvil. "Brown Brothers" were the first fires started in the C. M. & St. P. R. R. shops. Mr. Brown was married, in 1870, to Miss E. S. Lindstrom. They have two children, May and Nellie. Levi Brown, his father, started the first blacksmith shop on the west side, and died in 1857.

Page 521

BROWN, J. M. was born at Winthrop, Maine, August 19th, 1839. He came to this city in 1869, where he engaged in lumbering three years, then bought a shingle mill at Belknap, on the Saint Paul and Duluth Railroad. He had this mill in operation four years, then returned to Minneapolis. Since 1878, he has been engineer in the North Star Planing Mill. Mr. Brown married Ada Dean, December 25th, 1867.